Results: The History of News and Communication *Part Eight* SIDEBAR -- The developments in printing were a factor in the creation of groups of scientists who were able to express their experiments and discoveries by using heavily circulated scholarly journals.

The Spanish Inquisition were charged with licensing of books, and those who published or circulated unlicensed books were subject to death." The Spanish Inquisition would not license Galileo's last book. However, it did get published in Holland. As a consequence, Spain did not have a major voice in the scientific enlightenment until laws were relaxed in the 1660's. Were you aware of The Spanish Inquisition's actions prior to this survey?

Galileo also discovered that any object falling to earth, falls at the same rate. He mentioned that a cannonball and a feather, if dropped from the same height, will touch the ground at the same time provided there is no air resistance. I always found this hard to believe. Even Galileo had difficulty explaining it for quite a long time. Four centuries later, with the current technology, it has been experimentally demonstrated. View, and listen to the verification experiment done in present time. Have you heard about this experiment. prior to this survey?

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He attended the King's School in Grantham before enrolling at the University of Cambridge's Trinity College in 1661. When the Great Plague shuttered Cambridge in 1665, Newton returned home and began formulating his theories on calculus, light and color, his farm the setting for the supposed falling apple that inspired his work on gravity. Were you aware of Isaac Newton's many achievements prior to the survey?

Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667 and was elected a minor fellow. He constructed the first reflecting telescope in 1668, and the following year he received his Master of Arts degree and took over as Cambridge's Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of London in 1671, he was elected to the Royal Society the following year and published his notes on optics for his peers. Through his experiments with refraction, Newton determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on the spectrum, and he asserted that light was composed of particles instead of waves. Newton was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in 1689. During the Reign of William of Orange and his wife Mary. Were you aware he was elected to Parliament?

Newton's publication of "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), in 1687 established the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity. Newton's three laws of motion state that (1) Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it; (2) Force equals mass times acceleration: F=MA and (3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. "Principia" propelled Newton to stardom in intellectual circles, eventually earning universal acclaim as one of the most important works of modern science. His work was a foundational part of the European Enlightenment. Did you know of Newton's Three Laws?

In Part Nine we will review the Age of Enlightenment. Its roots can be traced to 1680s England, where in the span of three years Isaac Newton published his "Principia Mathematica" (1686) and John Locke his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1689)—two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment's major advances. Do you think any of these advancements would have happened with out printing and publishing?